14 Best Livestock Automatic Waterers for Reliable Hydration in Your Barn

If you’re looking for the best livestock automatic waterers, I recommend checking out options that are durable, easy to install, and suitable for different animal sizes. Features like float-controlled systems, frost-proof heating, and large water capacities help guarantee animals always have access to fresh water. With so many models available, from small pet bowls to large tanks, you can find the perfect fit for your barn setup. Keep going to discover detailed tips and reviews to make the best choice.

Key Takeaways

• Highlights essential features like float-controlled systems, durable materials, and frost-proof options for reliable livestock hydration.
• Covers capacity ranges suitable for various herd sizes, from small pets to large cattle.
• Explains benefits such as automatic refilling, low maintenance, and weather-resistant design.
• Addresses potential challenges including installation, water pressure requirements, and maintenance needs.
• Guides selection factors like material durability, environmental suitability, and ease of installation for different farm conditions.

Little Giant Automatic Animal Waterer (4 Gallon, Blue)

If you’re looking for a reliable waterer for large livestock, the Little Giant Automatic Animal Waterer (4 Gallon, Blue) is an excellent choice. Its float-controlled system automatically refills to maintain a consistent water level, ensuring your animals always have fresh water without constant supervision. Made in the USA, it’s built to withstand outdoor conditions with heavy-duty durability. The 4-gallon capacity is perfect for cattle and horses, and it connects easily to a standard garden hose. With simple mounting options, this waterer offers convenience and reliable hydration, making it a smart addition to any livestock setup.

Best For: livestock owners and farmers seeking a durable, reliable waterer for large animals like cattle and horses that automatically maintains water levels.

Pros:

• Float-controlled system ensures continuous access to fresh water without manual refilling
• Heavy-duty construction built to withstand outdoor conditions and heavy use
• Easy to install with included mounting hardware and garden hose connection

Cons:

• Hardware for mounting is not included, requiring additional purchase
• Limited color options may not match all farm aesthetics
• 4-gallon capacity might require frequent refilling in larger herds

Little Giant Trough-O-Matic Water Tank Float Valve

The Little Giant Trough-O-Matic Water Tank Float Valve stands out as an ideal choice for livestock owners seeking a reliable, durable solution to automatically maintain water levels. Made in the USA, it features a sturdy aluminum housing and accepts standard 3/4-inch garden hoses. Operating between 20-50 PSI, it flows up to 245 gallons per hour, ensuring livestock always have access to fresh water. Easy to install with expansion brackets, it’s suitable for plastic and metal tanks, troughs, or barrels. Its simple, tough design has earned high praise, though proper water pressure regulation and regular maintenance are key to long-lasting performance.

Best For: livestock owners and farmers seeking a reliable, durable float valve to automatically maintain water levels in outdoor tanks, troughs, or barrels.

Pros:

• Made in the USA with a sturdy aluminum housing for durability
• Easy to install with included expansion brackets and accepts standard garden hoses
• Reliable water level control with high flow rate up to 245 gallons per hour

Cons:

• Proper water pressure regulation (20-50 PSI) is essential to prevent leaks or failure
• Plastic floats may be chewed or damaged by livestock over time
• Mineral buildup can affect performance, requiring regular maintenance and possible replacement

304 Stainless Steel Livestock Waterer with Float Valve and 39-inch Water Hose

For those seeking a durable and reliable watering solution for small to medium livestock, the Stainless Steel Livestock Waterer with Float Valve and 39-inch Water Hose stands out. Made of high-quality 304 stainless steel, it’s rust-resistant, easy to clean, and built to last. The float valve maintains a consistent water level, refilling automatically when water drops, preventing overflow. With a 2.5-liter capacity, it suits animals like dogs, calves, goats, chickens, and more. The included water hose connects securely, and proper installation guarantees leak-free operation. Overall, it’s a low-maintenance, versatile option perfect for indoor or outdoor use.

Best For: small to medium livestock owners seeking a durable, easy-to-maintain automatic watering solution for indoor or outdoor use.

Pros:

• Made of high-quality 304 stainless steel, rust-resistant and easy to clean
• Automatic float valve maintains a consistent water level, reducing manual refilling
• Suitable for various animals including dogs, calves, goats, and chickens

Cons:

• Capacity of 2.5 liters may be insufficient for larger livestock like pigs or big goats
• Proper installation and tightening of fittings are essential to prevent leaks
• Some users may need adapters for different water line connections

Automatic Water Dispenser for Dogs and Livestock

Automatic water dispensers are an excellent choice for farmers and pet owners who need reliable, continuous hydration solutions for a variety of animals, from small dogs and chickens to large livestock like cattle and horses. These dispensers provide automatic filling, so you don’t have to daily refill, saving time and effort. Made from heavy-duty stainless steel, they’re built to last and resist corrosion. Easy to clean with an accessible drain plug, they ensure hygiene and low maintenance. With large capacity and versatile design, they accommodate multiple animals or larger species, making them ideal for both farms and households that prioritize dependable water access.

Best For: farmers and pet owners seeking durable, automatic water supply solutions for small pets and large livestock to ensure reliable hydration with minimal maintenance.

Pros:

• Provides automatic refill, reducing daily manual watering chores.
• Constructed from heavy-duty stainless steel for durability and corrosion resistance.
• Easy to clean with an accessible drain plug, ensuring hygiene and low maintenance.

Cons:

• Installation requires gloves for safety during setup.
• Large size may require adequate space for placement on farms or households.
• Proper setup of float valves is essential for optimal water level management.

Little Giant Automatic Animal Waterer (4 Gallon, Red)

If you’re looking for a reliable water source for large livestock like cattle and horses, the Little Giant Automatic Animal Waterer (4 Gallon, Red) is an excellent choice. Made in the USA with heavy-duty, durable materials, it’s built to last in tough farm environments. Its float-controlled refill mechanism keeps water levels consistent without manual effort. Installation is straightforward—simply connect it to a standard garden hose with the included fittings and mount it over the fence or on the wall using metal brackets. Available in various colors, it combines functionality with customization, ensuring your animals stay hydrated reliably.

Best For: livestock owners seeking a durable, automatic waterer for large animals like cattle and horses that is easy to install and customize.

Pros:

• Heavy-duty construction ensures long-lasting performance in tough farm environments
• Automatic float-controlled refill maintains consistent water levels without manual effort
• Easy to install with included fittings and versatile mounting options over fence or on wall

Cons:

• Hardware for mounting on wall or fence not included, requiring additional purchase
• Limited to 4-gallon capacity, which may require frequent refilling for very large herds
• Available only in certain colors, which might not match all farm aesthetics

Little Giant Automatic Animal Waterer (4 Gallon)

The Little Giant Automatic Animal Waterer (4 Gallon) stands out as an ideal choice for livestock owners seeking a durable, hands-free watering solution. Made in the USA, it features a sturdy, float-controlled design that keeps water levels consistent without manual effort. Its 4-gallon capacity is perfect for larger animals like cattle and horses. The unit connects easily to standard garden hoses and can be mounted on fences or walls using metal brackets. Customers praise its reliability and easy installation, though some report leaks and cleaning challenges. Overall, it’s a solid, heavy-duty option that offers dependable hydration for outdoor livestock.

Best For: livestock owners needing a reliable, durable, and automated watering system for large animals like cattle and horses.

Pros:

• Heavy-duty construction with durable, serviceable parts for long-lasting performance
• Easy to install and connect to standard garden hoses, with flexible mounting options on fences or walls
• Float-controlled mechanism maintains consistent water levels, reducing manual refilling

Cons:

• Potential leaks if hoses are incompatible or improperly threaded, requiring adjustments or replacements
• Lack of a bottom drain complicates cleaning and maintenance efforts
• Some plastic components, such as brackets, may be flimsy and need reinforcement

Little Giant Automatic Animal Waterer (4 Gallon, Green)

Designed for large animals like cattle, horses, and dogs, the Little Giant Automatic Animal Waterer stands out with its 4-gallon capacity and float-controlled refill system. Made in the USA from durable plastic, it’s built to withstand stomping and curiosity. The float system guarantees water stays at an ideal level, preventing overflow and waste. It connects easily to a standard garden hose, with 30 inches of hose included for quick setup. Its sturdy construction and multiple color options, including green, make it versatile and suitable for various environments. Overall, it’s a reliable, easy-to-install solution that keeps your animals consistently hydrated.

Best For: livestock owners and pet owners seeking a durable, easy-to-install automatic waterer for cattle, horses, or dogs.

Pros:

• Durable plastic construction resistant to stomping and curiosity
• Automatic float-controlled refill prevents overflow and waste
• Easy to install with included hose and mounting hardware options

Cons:

• Plastic hose connectors can be cheap and prone to leaks or stripping
• Limited to gravity-fed water sources; may require additional setup for non-gravity systems
• Some users find the plastic parts, like the drain plug, could be improved for maintenance

Water Trough Float Valve for Livestock Tanks

A water trough float valve is an excellent choice for livestock owners seeking a reliable, hands-free way to maintain consistent water levels. Made from durable HDPE and polypropylene, it automatically shuts off water flow when the tank is full, preventing overflows. Compatible with plastic and metal tanks, it connects easily to garden hoses via a 3/4-inch GHT inlet. With a flow rate up to 245 gallons per hour and operating at 20-50 psi, it guarantees your animals always have fresh water. Its compact size and included hardware make installation simple, while customer feedback highlights its affordability and dependable performance for various farm setups.

Best For: livestock owners, farmers, and outdoor enthusiasts seeking a reliable, easy-to-install solution for maintaining consistent water levels in tanks and troughs.

Pros:

• Durable construction with high-quality HDPE and polypropylene for long-lasting use
• Easy to install with included hardware and compatibility with garden hoses
• Automatically controls water levels, preventing overflow and reducing manual effort

Cons:

• Some users report fit issues with brackets requiring modifications for stability
• Limited to pressures of 20-50 psi, may not suit very high-pressure systems
• Flow rate capped at 245 gallons per hour, which might be insufficient for larger or more demanding setups

Automatic Dog Water Bowl Dispenser for Pets and Small Livestock

If you’re looking for a reliable way to keep pets and small livestock hydrated, this automatic water bowl is an excellent choice. Made from durable stainless steel, it’s easy to clean and built to last. The self-filling feature ensures a constant water supply, so animals stay hydrated without manual refills. It’s simple to install—place it on the floor or mount it securely on walls or boards, with a hose adapter for quick connection to garden faucets. Perfect for yards, farms, or indoor spaces, it includes all necessary components for straightforward setup, providing peace of mind that your animals always have fresh water.

Best For: pet owners, farmers, and outdoor enthusiasts seeking a durable, self-filling water dispenser for pets and small livestock in various settings.

Pros:

• Made from stainless steel for durability and easy cleaning
• Self-filling design ensures a constant water supply without manual refills
• Easy to install on floors or walls with included mounting hardware and hose adapter

Cons:

• May require regular cleaning to prevent buildup despite being easy to clean
• Larger size may not be suitable for very small pets or indoor use in limited spaces
• Installation on uneven surfaces or walls might need additional support or adjustments

Tessco Automatic Animal Water Bowl Set (3 Pieces)

The Tessco Automatic Animal Water Bowl Set (3 Pieces) is an excellent choice for livestock owners seeking a durable, easy-to-maintain watering solution. Each bowl holds 4 liters and features a built-in float valve that keeps water levels consistent. Made from rust-resistant stainless steel, they’re simple to clean and tough enough for outdoor use. The set includes water hoses, bolts, sealing tape, and brushes for installation and maintenance. While the design ensures reliable automatic watering, some users report issues with float adjustment and occasional leaks. Overall, these bowls offer a practical, multi-animal solution for farms, pastures, or courtyards.

Best For: livestock owners and pet owners seeking a durable, automatic watering solution suitable for farms, pastures, or outdoor courtyards.

Pros:

• Made from rust-resistant stainless steel, ensuring durability and easy cleaning
• Includes comprehensive installation accessories like hoses, bolts, and brushes
• Automatic float valve maintains consistent water levels, reducing manual refilling

Cons:

• Float adjustment can be challenging, potentially leading to overflow or insufficient water levels
• Some units may experience leaks from drain plugs or side fittings if not properly tightened
• Cleaning can be cumbersome due to lack of a dedicated drain plug and the large float size

4Gal Automatic Livestock Water Trough for Horse and Large Pets

Ideal for horse owners and large pet caregivers, the Gal Automatic Livestock Water Trough offers a convenient, self-filling solution that guarantees animals always have access to fresh water. With a 4-gallon capacity, it comfortably supports multiple animals at once, thanks to its wide-mouth opening. Its durable double-layer construction combines plastic and stainless steel, ensuring weather resistance and longevity. The float valve automatically refills the trough when water drops, reducing manual effort. Easy to install with included hoses and mounting tape, it’s designed for outdoor use. Overall, I find it reliable and sturdy, making hydration simple for large animals and pets alike.

Best For: pet owners and livestock caregivers seeking a durable, self-filling water trough for horses, dogs, goats, and sheep that ensures a consistent supply of fresh water outdoors.

Pros:

• Automatic refilling feature reduces the need for manual water management
• Constructed with durable double-layer design for weather resistance and longevity
• Large mouth opening allows multiple animals to drink simultaneously, promoting hydration

Cons:

• Some users experience leaks when tightening the hose to the float valve
• Installation may require trial and error to prevent leaks, especially around hose connections
• Slightly heavy at nearly 9 pounds, which may affect portability for some users

Ritchie Omni Fount 2 Automatic Heated Cattle, Horse Waterer

When searching for a reliable and frost-free water source for cattle and horses during harsh winters, the Ritchie Omni Fount 2 Automatic Heated Waterer stands out. Made in the USA, it combines stainless steel and insulated poly for durability and energy efficiency. The thermostatically controlled heating elements beneath the stainless steel trough prevent freezing, even in severe cold. Its large access panel makes maintenance easy, and the fast refill valve supplies water for up to 40 animals. Weighing just over 41 pounds, it’s designed for easy installation and long-term use, providing a dependable, frost-free water supply through the toughest winter conditions.

Best For: livestock owners and farmers seeking a durable, energy-efficient, frost-free water source for cattle and horses during harsh winter conditions.

Pros:

• Reliable frost-free operation with thermostatically controlled heating elements.
• Durable construction combining stainless steel and insulated poly for long-term use.
• Easy maintenance with a large access panel and quick refill valve capable of supporting up to 40 animals.

Cons:

• Installation requires securing to a concrete pad with anchor bolts and proper wiring, which may be complex for some users.
• The unit’s size and weight (over 41 pounds) may require additional effort during setup.
• Power supply must be carefully managed to avoid GFCI outlets that could cause freeze-ups, requiring proper electrical knowledge.

Automatic Livestock Water Trough with Float Valve, 12 Gallons

If you manage a busy farm or livestock operation, the Paiaojia Automatic Livestock Water Trough with a 12-gallon capacity offers a reliable solution for ensuring your animals always have access to fresh water. Made from durable stainless steel, it withstands outdoor elements and features a safety design with smooth edges and anti-tip feet. The float valve system automatically refills water as animals drink, keeping levels consistent. Its straightforward installation includes pre-drilled holes and extra components for long-term use. Despite some customer feedback on float valve issues, many appreciate its large capacity and rugged build, making it suitable for cattle, horses, goats, and pigs.

Best For: large-scale farms and livestock owners seeking a durable, automatic water supply solution for cattle, horses, goats, pigs, and dogs.

Pros:

• Large 12-gallon capacity ensures animals have continuous access to water, reducing manual refilling.
• Made from durable stainless steel that withstands outdoor weather conditions and rugged use.
• Automatic float valve system maintains consistent water levels, simplifying daily maintenance.

Cons:

• Some users report float valve malfunctions and leaks, affecting water regulation.
• Installation may require adjustments or troubleshooting to ensure proper alignment and sealing.
• Customer reviews indicate occasional issues with product durability and alignment, impacting long-term performance.

Water Trough Float Valve for Livestock Tanks

A water trough float valve is essential for livestock owners who want reliable, maintenance-free water level control. I’ve found these valves automatically fill tanks, preventing overflows and reducing the need for nighttime checks. Made from durable materials like high-quality plastic and galvanized metal, they’re designed to withstand external shocks. Easy to install with included fittings, they connect to standard garden hoses and work at pressures up to 50 psi. While some users report issues like leaks or cracks over time, applying thread tape and proper mounting can improve longevity. Overall, they offer a practical solution for maintaining consistent water levels in livestock tanks and ponds.

Best For: livestock owners, farmers, and pond managers seeking reliable, maintenance-free automatic water level control for tanks and water features.

Pros:

• Easy to install with included fittings and straightforward setup
• Durable construction with high-quality plastic and galvanized metal components
• Automatic filling helps prevent overflows and reduces nighttime checks

Cons:

• Some users experience leaks or cracks over time, especially at hose attachments
• Threading and fittings may require additional sealing with tape or washers for optimal performance
• Reports of premature failure, with some units lasting only a few months

Factors to Consider When Choosing Livestock Automatic Waterers

When selecting automatic waterers for livestock, I focus on factors like water capacity to meet their needs and the durability of materials to withstand daily use. It’s also important to take into account how easy they are to install and how well they work with existing water sources. Finally, I keep in mind maintenance requirements to ensure the system stays clean and functional over time.

Water Capacity Needs

Choosing the right water capacity for livestock automatic waterers depends on evaluating your animals’ size, number, and daily water needs. I start by considering how many animals you have and their typical water intake—small herds may only need 4 gallons, while larger groups require bigger tanks. It’s essential to take into account the species and size of your livestock; larger animals like horses or cattle need more water daily, so their waterers must reflect that. I also evaluate how often you’ll need to refill the waterer and aim for a capacity that minimizes maintenance. During hot weather or peak grazing seasons, a higher capacity ensures continuous hydration. Finally, I account for water loss from evaporation, spillage, or activity, selecting a size that keeps water levels stable.

Durability and Materials

Durability is a crucial factor when selecting livestock automatic waterers because these systems must withstand constant exposure to outdoor elements and animal interactions. I look for models constructed from high-quality materials like stainless steel, HDPE plastic, or galvanized metal, which resist rust, corrosion, and physical damage. Heavy-duty plastics and reinforced metals help prevent cracking, warping, or breakage caused by stomping or biting. Insulation features, such as polyurethane foam, protect internal components from freezing temperatures and environmental wear, extending the waterer’s lifespan. Choosing waterers with corrosion-resistant finishes and sturdy fittings ensures reliable operation over the years. This focus on durable materials minimizes maintenance costs and replacements, offering peace of mind that my livestock always have access to reliable, long-lasting hydration.

Ease of Installation

Selecting a livestock automatic waterer that’s easy to install can save you time and frustration. Look for models with clear instructions and compatible fittings, so you don’t need specialized tools or guesswork. Choosing units with adjustable mounting brackets or multiple options—like over-the-fence, wall, or ground mounting—offers flexibility for different setups. Make sure the waterer comes with all necessary hardware, including hoses, fittings, and seals, to streamline assembly. Opt for designs that provide easy access to internal parts, such as float adjustments and maintenance points, reducing setup and servicing time. Additionally, pre-drilled holes and standardized connections, like 3/4-inch garden hose fittings, allow quick attachment, making installation straightforward and hassle-free.

Compatibility With Water Sources

Ensuring your livestock waterer is compatible with your water source is essential for reliable operation. First, check that the inlet connection fits your water supply, usually a 3/4-inch garden hose or pipe fitting. It’s important to verify that your water pressure falls within the recommended 20-50 PSI to ensure the float valve functions properly. Consider whether your water source is gravity-fed or pressurized, as some waterers are designed specifically for one or the other. Make sure the inlet and outlet fittings match your supply connections, using adapters if needed. Additionally, confirm that your water source can deliver enough flow—up to 245 gallons per hour—to keep water levels steady without overflowing or leaks. Proper compatibility prevents issues and ensures smooth operation.

Maintenance and Cleaning

Maintaining your livestock waterer in good condition helps prevent breakdowns and keeps animals healthy. Regularly inspecting and replacing float valves, gaskets, and seals is essential to prevent leaks and guarantee proper operation. Frequent cleaning is also vital, especially in areas with hard water or outdoor exposure, to remove mineral buildup, dirt, and algae. Using a drain plug or bottom access port makes cleaning easier by allowing debris and sediment to be removed quickly. Disassembling components like float valves and hoses for thorough cleaning helps identify wear or damage that could impair function. Choosing waterers made from smooth, corrosion-resistant materials with accessible parts simplifies maintenance and extends longevity. Proper upkeep assures your waterer remains reliable and your livestock stay hydrated and healthy.

Environmental Suitability

Have you considered how your livestock waterer’s environment impacts its performance and durability? It’s essential to choose a model made from weather-resistant materials like stainless steel or high-density plastics, especially for outdoor setups. Confirm the waterer has proper insulation or heating if you’re in a cold climate, preventing freezing issues. Think about the design’s drainage and ventilation to avoid ice buildup and stagnant water, which can harm your animals’ health. Also, select a waterer with an appropriate capacity and flow rate to satisfy your livestock’s hydration needs based on their size and the environment. Finally, check that mounting options are suitable for your terrain and that the unit’s durability can withstand environmental conditions, guaranteeing long-lasting reliable performance.

Price and Budget

Are you setting a realistic budget when choosing a livestock automatic waterer? Prices vary widely—from around $20 for basic float valves to over $300 for heavy-duty, heated models. Establishing a clear budget helps narrow your options, so you can find a waterer that balances affordability with durability and useful features. Keep in mind, additional costs like installation hardware, maintenance supplies, and repairs should be part of your budget plan. Cheaper models might lack essential features such as frost protection or high flow rates, which could lead to higher costs down the line due to frequent replacements. Investing a bit more upfront in a quality waterer often pays off, offering better longevity and reducing long-term expenses. A well-chosen, reliable waterer ensures your livestock stay hydrated without breaking the bank.

Safety and Animal Access

Choosing a livestock automatic waterer involves more than just considering price; safety and proper animal access are equally important. I always check that the waterer’s height and opening size match my animals’ size to prevent injuries and ensure easy access. I verify that the float mechanism is secure and stable, so it doesn’t detach accidentally, which could cause flooding or block animals from drinking. Using animal-proof materials, like rounded edges and sturdy construction, helps minimize injury risks and withstand curious or aggressive livestock. I also consider placement, making sure it’s positioned to prevent tipping or knocking over. Regular inspections of the float and access points are essential to keep everything functioning safely and to avoid malfunctions that could restrict access or create hazards.

Frequently Asked Questions

How Often Should Automatic Waterers Be Cleaned and Maintained?

I recommend cleaning your automatic waterers at least once a week to prevent buildup of algae, dirt, and bacteria. Regular maintenance involves checking for clogs, refilling any mineral deposits, and guaranteeing all parts are functioning properly. During colder months, you might need to clean them more often to prevent freezing and ice formation. Staying consistent with cleaning keeps the water fresh and ensures your livestock stay properly hydrated.

Can These Waterers Be Used in Freezing Temperatures?

Like a trusty steed, my automatic waterers can handle freezing temperatures if equipped with proper insulation or heaters. I make sure to choose models designed for cold climates and regularly check their functionality during winter. Installing a frost-free system or adding a heat source prevents freezing and keeps my livestock hydrated year-round. Trust me, with the right setup, these waterers work reliably, even in the harshest winter weather.

Are Automatic Waterers Suitable for All Livestock Types?

Yes, automatic waterers are suitable for most livestock types, including cattle, horses, goats, and sheep. I’ve seen them work well across various animals because they provide consistent access to fresh water, which is essential for health and productivity. However, I recommend choosing a model designed specifically for your animals’ size and behavior. Proper installation and maintenance are key to ensuring they remain reliable and safe for your livestock.

What Is the Typical Lifespan of These Automatic Waterers?

Like a dependable heartbeat, the lifespan of automatic waterers typically spans 10 to 15 years, depending on use and maintenance. I’ve seen well-maintained units stand tall like ancient oaks, while neglected ones fade faster. Regular cleaning, prompt repairs, and quality models can extend their life, ensuring your livestock stays hydrated without interruption. Think of it as investing in a reliable partner that keeps your barn’s rhythm steady and strong.

How Do I Troubleshoot Common Issues With Automatic Waterers?

If your automatic waterer isn’t working properly, I check the water supply first to guarantee it’s connected and flowing. I also inspect the float and valve for any debris or sticking parts. Sometimes, cleaning or adjusting these components solves the problem. If issues persist, I examine the power source or wiring for faults. Regular maintenance keeps everything running smoothly, preventing most common problems.

Conclusion

Choosing the right automatic waterer is like finding the perfect watering hole for your herd—when it’s reliable and clean, your livestock thrive. I once saw a farmer’s cattle eagerly gather around a well-maintained waterer, reminding me that proper hydration fuels their health and productivity. Remember, investing in quality guarantees your animals stay happy and healthy, just like a clear stream keeps animals refreshed and energized. Make your waterer your farm’s reliable oasis.